Railroad Vault Tunnel Construction, 19th Century

Vault is an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof. The parts of a vault exert lateral thrust that requires a counter resistance. When vaults are built underground, the ground gives all the resistance required. A tunnel is an underground or underwater passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as ground conditions, ground water conditions, length and diameter of the tunnel drive, depth of the tunnel, logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management. There are three basic types of tunnel construction in common use: Cut-and-cover tunnel, constructed in a shallow trench and then covered over. Bored tunnel, constructed in situ, without removing the ground above. They are usually of circular or horseshoe cross-section. Immersed tube tunnel, sunk into a body of water and laid on or buried just under its bed

Restrictions Only for Ireland and United Kingdom

Bored Figuier Grandes Inventions Passageway Vault

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