Surgery Without Anesthesia, pre-1840's

Before the advent of anesthesia, surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering. This also meant that operations were largely restricted to amputations and external growth removals. Beginning in the 1840s, surgery began to change dramatically in character with the discovery of effective and practical anaesthetic chemicals such as ether and chloroform

Restrictions Only for Ireland and United Kingdom

Amputate Amputation Cruelty Enhance Operate Operating Painful Surgeon Surgery Traumatic

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